托福阅读重点题型详解
托福阅读想要取得高分，我们就要搞清楚托福阅读各种题型的做题技巧，下面就和小编一起来看看托福阅读重点题型详解及技巧吧。
1. Factual Information Questions-细节题
一般来说mentioned only in part of the passage. 答题的信息就在段落的1，2句话中
技巧：你不可能在第1遍阅读的时候，就找到正确答案，需要看题目以后，回头再找;排除那些本身就很矛盾的选项，千万不要因为你看这某个单词或者句子在段落中出现过，就选择那个选项，一定要回答问题
2. Negative Factual Information Questions-排除题
首先需要定位：locate the relevant info. in the passage
注意，这种问题你要选择的正确答案， 是那个不正确的，问题里面会明确的指出：which one is NOT true
技巧：选项里面的答案，可能叙述了一段的意思，也可能叙述了好几段;正确的那个答案，要么是直接和文章的意思矛盾，要么是文章里面没有提到的
3. Inference Questions-推断题
注意的字眼是infer, imply, inferred
技巧: 正确的答案,必须是从文章已给内容推出的,特别注意
4. Rhetorical Purpose Questions-修饰目的题
Rhetorical is the art of speaking or writing effectively.
他不关心作者说了什么,关心的是作者为什么要这样说
技巧: 注意字眼definintion, example, to illustrate, to explain, to contrast, to refute, to note, to criticize, function of这样的题目尤其会侧重句子还有段落之间的逻辑联系
5. Vocabulary Questions-词汇题
不要太在意这个单词在字典里面什么意思，Z重要的是，这个单词在文章里面的意思：in the reading passage, only one of the meanings of a work is relevant
技巧：问题是问你单词在文章里面的意思!!!
6. Reference Questions-指代题
主要是问代词指代的内容是什么(代词指代的东西，一般来说就在你这个代词的前面，或者隔了1个短语，不会太远：...AAAAA, BBB, CCC, XXX...一般来说，XXX不是指代C就是指代B，不会跑太远)
技巧：代词， pronoun, 在选择以后，检查答案的时候，一定要注意一致性：the same number: singular or plural; case: first person, second person, third person当你选择了答案以后，你的选择会不会违反语法原则，并且会不会有意义
7. Sentence Simplification Questions-简化句子题
并不是每一篇文章都有这样的题目，一篇文章Z多只有1个
8. Insert Text Questions-插入句子题
不是每篇阅读都有这样的题目，一篇文章Z多只有1个
技巧：从文章结构下手， structure;从逻辑下手， logic
尤其注意逻辑的连接单词和语句， 例子：on the other hand, for example, on the contrary, similiary, in contrast, further or furthermore, therefore, in other words, as a resule, finally一定要注意，你插入的语句，一定要承上启下，即对前面的语句负责，又对后面的语句负责
9. Prose Summary Questions-文章内容小结题
做这种归纳题目，Z重要的是，要通篇的阅读
技巧：1.区别例子和主旨，例子是用来说明主旨的，例子不是主旨;2. 局限性的答案一定是错误的，主旨是让你找到major oint,千万不要让minor给迷惑了
10. Fill in a Table Questions-完成图表题
这种题目，就是题目给了你几个空，让你把正确的答案拖到相应的位置，需要通篇阅读，不简单，关键是要明白几种关系：cause-effect relationships, compare-contrast relationships, arguements, and the like.
也可以称作文章的组织关系,types of organization: compare/contrast, problem/solution, cause/effect, alternative arguements(such as theories, hypotheses), and the like
在真实考试的时候：drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. to view the passage, click on View Text.
修难点关键句(含译文)
1. Wearing a seat belt saves lives; it reduces your chance of death or serious injury by more than half.
系好安全带能够挽救性命，它能将丧生和重伤的概率减少一半以上。
2. But it will be the driver’s responsibility to make sure that children under 14 do not ride in the front unless they are wearing a seat belt of some kind.
但是司机有责任确保14岁以下的孩子不要坐在前排，除非他们系好了安全带。
3. However, you do not have to wear a seat belt if you are reversing your vehicle; or you are making a local delivery or collection using a special vehicle; or if you have a valid medical certificate which excuses you from wearing it.
当然，如果有以下情况你可以不系安全带：你在倒车时，或者你用一种特殊交通工具进行当地的货物运送、收集时，或者你有合法的医学证明你不能系安全带时。
4. Remember you may be taken to court for not doing so, and you may be fined if you cannot prove to the court that you have been excused from wearing it.
注意你如果不这么做(系安全带)的话，你有可能被告上法庭，而且你有可能被处以罚款除非你能证明你有不带安全带的理由。
5. Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why otherwise healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and reason at a relatively early age, and how the process of ageing could he slowed down.
Taiju Matsuzawa 教授想找出为什么日本北部的健康农民在相对年轻的年龄就显得开始失去思考与推理的能力的原因以及怎样才能延缓老化过程。
6. With a team of colleagues at Tokyo National University, he set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and varying occupations.
在东京国立大学的同事们的帮助下，他开始对一千来自不同职业的人群进行了大脑体积的测量。
7. Computer technology enabled the researchers to obtain precise measurements of the volume of the front and side sections of the brain, which relate to intellect (智能) and emotion, and determine the human character.
计算机技术帮助研究人员获得人脑前部和侧部的准确体积，这是与人的智能和情绪有关的部分，而且也决定人的性格特点。
8. Contraction of front and side parts as cells die off was observed in some subjects in their thirties, but it was still not evident in some sixty and seventy-year-olds.
有的人(大脑)前部和侧部的收缩——随着细胞的死亡——在三十多岁时就能被观察到了，但是也有些人直到六七岁依然不明显。
9. The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns.
研究结果表明在农村的人大脑收缩基本上比城市里的人要早。
10. White collar workers doing routine work in government offices are, however, as likely to have shrinking brains as the farm worker, bus driver and shop assistant.
在政府部门从事简单重复工作的白领也像农场工人、公共汽车司机和商店职员一样大脑细胞容易收缩。
11. We know that you have a high opinion of the kind of learning taught in your colleges, and that the costs of living of our young men, while with you, would be very expensive to you.
我们知道你们很看重你们在大学里面教育的学习方法，而且我们的年轻人与你们生活的花费即使对于你们来说也不便宜。
12. But you must know that different nations have different ways of looking at things, and you will therefore not be offended if our ideas of this kind of education happen not to be the same as yours.
但是你们也要明白不同的民族看待事物有不同的方法，所以如果刚好我们的看法与你们的不一样的话，你们也不应觉得被冒犯了。
13. We are, however, not the less obliged by your kind offer, though we refuse to accept it; and, to show our grateful sense of it, if the gentlemen of Virginia will send us a dozen of their sons, we will take care of their education, teach them in all we know , and make men of them.
当然，对于你们的盛情我们没有被逼迫的感觉，尽管我们拒绝接受。而且，为了表示我们的感谢，如果维吉利亚洲的绅士们愿意派来一些他们的子弟的话，我们会尽全力教育他们，并把他们培养成为真正的男人。
14. In what now seems like the prehistoric times of computer history, the earth’s postwar era, there was quite a wide-spread concern that computers would take over the world from man one day.
在这个像是计算机史前时代的时代，地球的战后时代，人们普遍担忧有一天计算机会取代人类控制世界。
15. Already today, less than forty years later, as computers are relieving us of more and more of the routine tasks in business and in our personal lives. We are faced with a less dramatic but also less foreseen problem.
今天或者不到五十年后，计算机将越来越多的减轻人们的工作事务和日常琐事。我们也将面对一个没有什么戏剧性和更不可预测的问题。
16. Obviously, there would be no point in investing in a computer if you had to check all its answers, but people should also rely on their own internal computers and check the machine when they have the feeling that something has gone wrong.
显然，如果你不得不检查计算机提供的所有答案的话，对它投资就没有任何意义了。但是当人们觉的计算机确实出了一些问题的时候，应该靠自己内部的“计算机”来检查机器。
17. Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant to go to sea to further his work.
当然牛顿在他的作品中写到了一些理论方面的东西，但他不愿进行更加深刻的研究。
18. For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travellers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it , let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface.
除了一些洲际旅行者和以大海为生的人，对于大多数人来说，大海是遥远的，没有什么必要提出太多问题，更别说思考大海海底的东西了。
19. The first time that the question “ What is at the bottom of the oceans?” had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed.
当铺设一条从欧洲到美洲的海底电报光缆的时候，出于商业动机，人们第1次不得不回答这个问题“海底是什么东西”。
20. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.
在早期的尝试中，光缆铺设失败，不得不取出来维修。这时人们发现上面覆盖有生物，这推翻了当时科学界认为深海没有生命的理论。
21. For every course that he follows a student is given a grade, which is recorded, and the record is available for the student to show to prospective employers.
学生们所学的每一门课程都有分数，而且要被记录存档，这可以用来提供给将来学生的雇主们。
22. All this imposes a constant pressure and strain of work, but in spite of this some students still find time for great activity in student affairs.
所有这些给学生们施加了很大的压力，尽管如此，学生们还是积极参加学生活动。
23. The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities.
而有效遵守纪律的学生们往往是那些经常给校方提建议的学生。
24. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.
当丈夫们和妻子们认识到这种能量圈的意思以及各个家庭成员所处的圈之后，许多家庭争吵就结束了。
25. Whenever possible, do routine work in the afternoon and save tasks requiring more energy or concentration for your sharper hours.
只要可能，在下午做那些程序化的工作，把需要更多能量的工作留到你效率Z好的时候去做。
26. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning.
我们也很看重个人品德和社交技能，我们发现混合能力的教育对学习的各个方面都有帮助。
27. They also learn how to cope with personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyse and evaluate, and to communicate effectively.
他们也要学习如何处理个人问题和怎样思考，怎样决策、分析和评估以及有效沟通。
28. The problem is, how to encourage a child to express himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling?
问题是，怎样鼓励一个孩子在写作时自由自信的表达自己，而不被拼写的复杂所捆绕。
29. It may have been a sharp criticism of the pupil’s technical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omitted to read the essay, which contained some beautiful expressions of the child’s deep feelings.
这可能是对学生在写作中的技术能力的尖锐批评，但也是老师的失败的悲哀反映——忽略了朗读文章，这其中优美的表达可以激发孩子们的深刻感受。
30. The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors, but if his priorities had centred on the child’s ideas, an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would have given the pupil more motivation to seek improvement.
老师注重错误没错，但是如果他更注重孩子的思想的话，他失望的表现会使孩子有提高的动力。
31. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater.
根据政府和私人雇主的性质来看，私人雇主更有可能采取歧视。
32. The release of the carbon in these compounds for recycling depends almost entirely on the action of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and certain types of fungi.
这种化合物通过碳的释放来实现循环，主要依靠喜氧和厌氧细菌以及一些菌类的活动。
33. A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who says that women have outgrown the jumping-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a mouse era and a major who says that they haven’t.
一场激烈的争论在一个女孩和一位少校中展开了，前者说女人们已经不再“看到老鼠就从椅子上跳起来”了，而后者说她们依然那样。
34. They are trying to find out whether there is something about the way we teach language to children which in fact prevents children from learning sooner.
他们在尝试寻找是否我们教授孩子们语言的方法中有阻碍孩子们迅速学习语言的东西。
35. Mathematicians who have tried to use the computers to copy the way the brain works have found that even using the latest electronic equipment they would have to build a computer which weighed over 10,000 kilos.
使用计算机来拷贝大脑工作方式的数学家们发现即使使用Z先进的电子设备，他们也要建造一台超过10，000公斤的计算机。
36. Since different people like to do so many different things in their spare time, we could make a long list of hobbies, taking in everything from collecting matchboxes and raising rare fish, to learning about the stars and making model ships.
既然不同的人们在他们的业余时间做不同的事情，我们可以列出一长串爱好列表，包括从收集火柴盒到养珍稀鱼类以及学习星学和制造航模等各种消遣。
37. They know that a seal swimming under the ice will keep a breathing hole open by its warm breath, so they will wait beside the hole and kill it.
他们知道在冰面下面游泳的海豹呼吸的热气会使冰面上出现洞口，于是他们就在洞旁守侯并捕杀海豹。
38. We may be able to decide whether someone is white only by seeing if they have none of the features that would mark them clearly as a member of another race.
只要一个人没有属于其他人种的明显的特征，我们就可以判断他是否属于白色人种。
39. Although signs of dishonesty in school , business and government seem much more numerous in years than in the past, could it be that we are getting better at revealing such dishonesty?
尽管在学校，企业和政府中不诚实的欺诈行为近年来比以往都要多，大那也许是因为我们在这些方面加大了揭露的力度。
40. It is not quite a matter of disagreeing with the theory of independence, but of rejecting its implications: that the romances may be taken in any or no particular order, that they have no cumulative effect, and that they are as separate as the works of a modern novelist.
并不是与独立理论不一致，而是与其应用不相符合：爱情小说可以以任何一种形式展现或者根本没有特殊的规律，他们没有累积效果，就像现代小说家的作品一样独立。
41. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States, but his definition of racial prejudice as “ racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition,” can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.
对于针对美国黑人的种族歧视，他的理论相对成立得较好，但是他将种族偏见如此定义：“在某一特定区域内的种族竞争中被普遍接受的一个种族所受到的基于种族的负面偏见。”可以看作也包含有对象加州的中国人以及中世纪的犹太人等少数民族的敌视。
42. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of and so was crucial in sustaining — the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.
加特曼确凿地说明黑人家庭的稳定鼓励了黑人文化遗产的传递和维护，这些遗产包括从一代传到另一代的民间传说，音乐，和宗教表述，这些遗产使非洲和美洲的奴隶们特色显著。
43. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting and so on , is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences, even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience.
即使社会系统的民间知识中像挣钱，花费，组织，婚嫁，政治活动的参与，以及战斗等等，都与从社会科学中衍生出来更加精细的社会系统描述相差不多，尽管它是建立在一个不太完善的个人经验上的模型。
44. There are several steps that can be taken, of which the chief one is to demand of all the organizations that exist with the declared objectives of safeguarding the interests of animals that they should declare clearly where they stand on violence towards people.
有几项措施可以采取，其中主要的是要所有宣布以保护动物利益为目标的组织都明确宣布他们对于人类所受到的暴力袭击表决坚定的立场、
45. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types, however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.
用其他方式来展示神经类型的细微差别也是可能的，然而，要证明脉冲质量和传导受到这些差别的影响还缺乏证据，看起来这些差别影响的是神经单元的发展形成方式。
46. According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but rather the different areas of the brain into which they discharge , and there is some evidence for this view.
根据这一理论，不是由感觉神经脉冲的质量来决定他们产生的各种神经感觉的，而是由他们被发射到大脑的哪一部位来决定的，对这一观点是有证据的。
47. The result of attrition is that, where the areas of the whole leaves follow a normal distribution, a bimodal distribution is produced, one peak composed mainly of fragmented pieces, the other of the larger remains.
磨擦的结果是，在叶面上服从正态分布的地方就会产生两种分布方式，顶点上主要是小块，其他的地方是小块，其他的地方是大块的地方。
48. The Bible does not tell us how the Roman census takers made out, and as regards our more immediate concern, the reliability of present day economic forecasting, there are considerable difference of opinion.
圣经没有告诉我们罗马的数据统计者们怎样达到我们今天的经济预测的可靠性的，我们进一步思考的话，其中的意见上有很大的不同。
49. A survey conducted in Britain confirmed that an abnormally high percentage of patients suffering from arthritis of the spine who had been treated with X rays contracted cancer.
在英国进行的一项调查证实经常接受X光照射的脊椎关节炎患者癌症的百分比高得不正常。
50. Yet across the gulf of space, minds that are to our minds as ours are to those of the beasts that perish, intellects vast and cool and unsympathetic, regarded this earth with envious eyes, and slowly and surely drew their plans against us.
然而，穿过太空的港湾，那里的意识对于我们的来说就像我们的意识比动物的意识一样，冷酷广博而无情的智慧，用嫉妒的眼睛看作地球，慢慢地肯定会制定针对我们的计划。
51. Even the doctoral degree, long recognized as a required “ union card” in the academic world, has come under severe criticism as the pursuit of learning for its own sake and the accumulation of knowledge without immediate application to a professor’s classroom duties.
即使是学术界被长时间认作必须“同盟卡”的博士学位，现在也因为仅仅为了学习本身和知识的累积而学习，却不把知识应用到教授的教学职责中去而受到了严厉的批评。
52. While a selection of necessary details is involved in both, the officer must remain neutral and clearly try to present a picture of the facts, while the artist usually begins with a preconceived message or attitude which is then transmitted through the use of carefully selected details of action described in words intended to provoke associations and emotional reactions in the reader.
尽管收集必要的信息对于两者来说都是需要的，但官员必须以中立和清晰的态度来提供事实的画面，而艺术家从已设字的信息或者态度开始，并将其过用激发读者共鸣和情绪反应的词语描写的动用细节描述出来。
53. Articles in the popular press even criticize the Gross National Production (GNP) because it is not such a complete index of welfare, ignoring, on the one hand, that it was never intended to be, and suggesting, on the other, that with appropriate changes it could be converted into one.
流行期刊中甚至有文章批评国民生产总值，因为它并不是一个福利目录，一方面忽视了它从来就没有这种倾向，另一方面的建议是通过正确的改变它才能被转化过来。
54. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneuaral correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.
其他的实验揭示神经细胞的大小、数量、排列和连接的细微变化，但就神经关联而言，这些感觉区域的相似性比那些细微的区别更有意义可言。
55. The Chinese have distributed publications to farmers and other rural residents instructing them in what to watch for their animals so that every household can join in helping to predict earthquakes.
中国向农民和其它农村住户发放了宣传刊物，指导他们观察动物，以便每户人家都能参与帮助地震预报。
56. Supporters of the Star Wars defense system hope that this would not only protect a nation against an actual nuclear attack, but would be enough of a threat to keep a nuclear war from ever happening.
星球大战防御系统的支持者们希望它不仅能保护一个遭受核攻击的国家，也希望它能成为使核攻击永不发生的足够威胁。
57. Neither would it prevent cruise missiles or bombers, whose flights are within the Earth’s atmosphere, from hitting their targets.
它也不能防止轨道在地球大气层以内的洲际导弹和轰炸机命中目标。
58. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies.
人民活动家一直认为黑人和拉丁美人难以在生意上立足的原因是因为他们难以取得大公司的大宗订单和分包合同。
59. During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the “useful” child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present day notion of the “useless” child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to its parents, is yet considered emotionally “ priceless”.
她认为十九世纪给家庭经济作出贡献的孩子才“有用”的概念慢慢改变了，今天提到那些没有挣取收入的“无用”孩子，甚至还要花销很多，仍然在情感上被认为是无价的。
60. Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800’s, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicted in part on the assumption that a child’s emotional value made child labor taboo.
这种关于孩子的观点到19世纪时已在中上阶级中建立，并于19世纪末20世纪初在社会上广泛传播，当时改革者们推行童工规定和义务教育法，部分来源于孩子的情感价值的假设，这都使得使用童工被禁止了。
